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eleventh century by Norwegians and Icelanders, had
been shortened by that time to -kil or -kel in Danish
and Swedish, and the full form is found here in
Alfcetel, Arcetel, Ascetel, Audcetel, Cetel, Grimcetel,
Roscetel, Ulfcetel, Thorcetel. Judged by their occurrence
elsewhere some of the names represent Norwegians
rather than Danes :—Asbeorn, Beorn, Barad,
Blih (Blígr), Colbrand, Berhdor (Bergthor), Halwærd
(Hallvard), Raganald, Tholf (Thórólf) ; others are
rather Danish than Norse :—Fardain (equivalent to
Farman, "trader"), Folcer, Merlesuuan, Siuerd, Snel ;
while the rest of those which are not Anglo-Saxon
may be either Danish or Norse :—Ailaf, Ana, Arner
(Arnthor), Asmund, Forna, Gamal, Grim, Gunner,
Háwer (Hávard), Justan, Lefer (Leifr), Osulf, Ulf,
Ulfer, Thor (Thórir). Many more Old Norse names
are given in the Durham Liber Vitæ, the earliest part
of which is of the tenth century. Dr. Stefánsson
thinks that the Norse element here represented had
been long in Yorkshire, and not recently come in with
jarl Eirík Hákonarson. In that case, however, one
would expect their language and names to have been
assimilated to the general use in Northumbria at the
time, and not to show dialectic differences lately
evolved in the homes they had left many generations
earlier. Travel and trade must have already brought
Norwegians into England, but we must be careful not
to over-estimate the Norse in Yorkshire at this date,
remembering that forty years later Norwegians were
received as enemies but Danes as friends.
Hördaknút was as unfavourable an example of a
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