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of samples : two were of the Bronze Age type, six
Anglian, two of von Hölder’s Sarmatic, two Scandinavian,
probably of Norse origin, and one perhaps
Danish. Of these thirteen less than half could be
distinctly traced to Viking immigration, and this in
a district where the survival of the race must have
been most marked. And yet, in the more remote dales,
where the mixture of blood caused by the influence
of manufacturing centres is smallest, one cannot but
be struck with the general resemblance of the people
to Danes and Norse. In Cumberland, among the
"old stocks" on fell farms, one meets with men—less
frequently with women—whose faces and figures take
one suddenly back to the fell farms of Iceland ; there
is no doubt that the same mixture of Celtic and Norse
blood, and similar occupations and habits of life have
preserved the likeness.
During the twelfth century Scandinavian names of
landowners and others were still common throughout
the old Danelaw, though it became fashionable to give
Norman names to great folk’s children, and during
the next century the old Norse names were only kept
up by the lower classes. But even in 1285 and
following years we find, as deerstealers in Inglewood,
the great royal forest of Cumberland (see Mr. F. H.
M. Parker’s article in Trans. Cumb. and West. Antiq.
Soc., N.S., vii.), Stephen son of Gamel, Henry son of
Hamund, William Turpyn (Thorfinnsson), Richard
Siward (the name of Suart is still common) and Hugh
Gowk (gaukr, a cuckoo, A.-S. gēac shows that "gowk"
is from the Norse; see Björkman, Scandinavian Loan-
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