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Yorkshire. It is curious to find these evidences of
settlement so far inland, with a noteworthy absence of
similar monuments at churchyards near the coast.
On the coast there are a few names distinctively
Scandinavian; the river Helford (Hellufjörðr?) is the
most conspicuous, and it is here that Charles Kingsley
in Hereward places his eleventh-century Norse kinglet
Alef.
In Devonshire place-names in -beer (Domesday
-bera) do not represent the Scandinavian bær which
becomes by, but the Anglo-Saxon bearo, "grove"
(Rev. E. McClure, Dawn of Day, March 1908).
Scandinavian traces exist in folklore and ethnology.
The tall fair Devonshire man is supposed to represent
a Norse ancestry, and in Cornwall "a red-haired
Dane" is still a term of reproach; but no recorded
colony of importance was formed in West Wales.
Some Vikings who settled there emigrated after a time.
The Macgillimores of Waterford, though adopting an
Irish name, are said to have come from Devonshire
with others of their kindred; and at least they claimed
English rights at law.
Out to sea the Scandinavian name of Lund-ey, and
as we enter the Bristol Channel Flat-holme and
Steepholme, recall the fact that war ships and trading
ships of the Northmen found their way to the Severn,
and remind us of Bristol’s ancient commerce with
the Ostmen of Ireland. But as soon as we come
to Wales proper we can distinguish many Norse
names on the map. Two groups, one centring in the
peninsula of Gower and the other in Pembrokeshire,
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