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submission of Malcolm of Scotland, together with two
kings, named Maelbaethe and Jehmarc, in whom
Skene (Celtic Scotland, i., p. 397) saw Macbeth, son of
Finlaec, independent ruler of Moray, and Imergi the
king of Argyll or Dalir, whose great-great-grandson
was Sumarlidi (d. 1166). We have therefore reason
to think that the kingdom of Man and the Isles did
not then include the northern Hebrides ; the central
part of the group, at least, must have been under the
Gallgael (not purely Celtic) rulers of Argyll.
The surnames and place-names of Man have been
studied by Mr. A. W. Moore, and the early monuments
by Mr. P. M. C. Kermode, in books which
illustrate the Scandinavian settlement, its great importance
and its limits, with a copiousness which
makes it needless to give any detail in a general sketch
of a wide subject such as this is. Prof. Alex. Bugge
has also written an interesting chapter, chiefly on the
Scandinavian crosses, in his Vikingerne. There are
some peculiarities in the place-names, noted by Mr.
Moore, which distinguish Man from Cumberland :
-by is common, and he rightly adds that it is both
Danish and Norwegian; thorpe is found once, toft
twice ; thwaite, beck, with, tarn and force are absent,
but haugh, dale, fell, garth and gill are frequent ;
and he concludes that the settlers in Man were less Danish
than those of East Anglia and Eastern Ireland, and
more so than those of Cumbria and the Hebrides.
This was no doubt the case ; but the reasons for the
absence of some "test-words" may be simply the
absence of need for them. Gaelic names of streams
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