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of the wheel only : the upper millstone revolved on
the spindle of the waterwheel. Some terms relating
to its structure are Norse; the sile (sigle), or iron
crossbar of the axle which turned the wheel ; the
grütte (grötte), or nave of the lower millstone, through
which the spindle passed ; and the ludr, or loft of the
little house in which the mill worked; (for a full
description see Mr. Goudie, op. cit., pp. 246-281).
Mills of this kind were used in Sweden and Norway
(but not found in Denmark), the Færoes, Orkney
and Shetland, Caithness and Sutherland, the Hebrides,
the Isle of Man, and in parts of Ireland, where they
were called "Danish mills." They are known in
other parts of the world, but their frequency in these
Norse countries suggests a common origin dating
from the Viking Age. The kollie (kola, in Scottish
"crusie"), an oil lamp with a double shell; the
bismar (bismari) a steelyard weighing machine ; the
tuskar (torfskeri) a peat spade, all keep their old
names ; but the old customs survived in the short
scythe with its long handle, the one-stilted wooden
plough, and the rivling, or shoes of raw hide formerly
common to all northern lands.
A not uninteresting sidelight is thrown upon the
relations of Northumbria after the Conquest with
Scandinavian Caithness and Galloway in the story
of King William the Wanderer. It is told in Norman
French of the twelfth century by two different poets,
one of whom seems to have been Chrestien de Troyes
(printed by Francisque Michel in Chroniques Anglo-Normands,
1840, and Englished by W. G. Collingwood,
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