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202
iii. CONSTITUTION AND ADMINISTRATION OF SWEDEN.
The Head of the above mentioned section of the Army Staff
together with the Heads of the Geological Survey of Sweden and of the
Nautical Chart Office and some other persons, form a Commission of
Control for Map Works, being a board of superintendence for all the
Map Departments above mentioned. Chairman of this commission is
the Head of the Army General Staff.
The projection adopted for the Topographic maps of Southern and Central
Sweden, where the map-sheets are produced in rectangular form, is the so-called
increasing conic, while for North Sweden, where the map-sheets are divided
according to the parallels of latitude and the meridians of longitude, the
poly-edral projection is employed. On the rectangular sheets the meridians are
straight lines, while the parallels become concentric circles. The standard
meridian adopted is the one that passes 5° west of the Stockholm Observatory.
Measurements of bases and of triangles together with astronomical
determinations of locality afford the chief foundation of the maps. Standard-leveling
has been going on since 1885 for obtaining reliable starting and verifying points
from where the altimetry of the country in detail is to be taken. The altitudes
are entered on the maps.
a) The Economic Map Office (Ekonomiska kartverket) is more
particularly concerned in procuring accurate information as to the
area-lity of the kingdom and how the country is distributed in economic
regard (to the categories of arable, meadow-and forest land etc.). The
Office was instituted in 1859 and is properly a development of the
former Parish Map Establishment, for which the maps were drawn by
the public surveyors. The Economic maps afford pretty much the same
information as the surveyors’ maps, though not on so large a scale,
nor in such detail.
The process of making these economic maps is as follows: a skeleton map
on a scale of 1 : 20,000 is drawn, on to which the surveyors’ maps are
transferred, the points of junction being accurately adjusted by lneans of triangle
points. Where no surveyors’ maps exist, special measurements are taken. The
economic maps are amplified on the spot and published for each hundred (härad)
in lithographed copies, provided the local agricultural society, the county council,
or similar public body votes a requisite grant; furthermore, descriptions of the
areality of the district are drawn up and issued at the charge of the State.
The construction of these economic maps has proceeded principally in Central
Sweden, maps on a scale of 1 : 50,000 (for North Vermland of 1 : 100,000) and
descriptions having being already issued (for Skaraborgs län only the latter).
Maps on a scale of 1 : 100,000 and descriptions of areality are out for the coast
district of Norrbottens län, for which a special section of the Economic Map
Office has hitherto been organized. Concerning the economic-topographic maps,
see below.
b) The Topographic Map Offloe (Topografiska kartverket). The
Institution of public surveyors having in 1789 stopped carrying out
geographical mapping work of the kingdom, it was taken in hand by
a private individual, Baron S. G. Hermelin, who spent a great amount
of work and money especially on the development of Lappland. He
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