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292
IV. EDUCATION AND MENTAL CULTURE IN SWEDEN.
The Examination for Infant School Teachers takes place, either at the
state seminaries for common school teachers or in special infant school teachers’
seminaries. At the State Seminaries it may be passed by those who have gone
through the first two classes of the seminar}’ and have obtained a certificate in
Religion, Swedish, Arithmetic and Writing, Pedagogics and Methodics. The examination
here consists of a practical trial in the infant school department of the exercise
school. A special Seminary for Infant school teachers can be established by
the County Council, the School district, or by private persons. It must be attached
to an infant school. The course of instruction extends over eight months at least,
divided into two terms. The final examination, which cannot be passed before the
age of 18 (and, as a rule, not after 30), shall take place under government control.
At every common school there must he at least one male or female
teacher in ordinary. This post can only be applied for by a person
who is qualified as a common school teacher. The candidate’s application
is examined by the School Board, which can call in one or more of the
candidates to show his ability, and then nominates three of them ranking
according to merit. The election takes place at the Church Assembly.
A permanent common-school teacher cannot be dismissed, unless he
has shown lack of ability or carelessness in the execution of his duties,
or has misconducted himself to such an extent that he ought not to be
retained any longer. In such a case, the School Board must officially warn
him; but if the warning prove idle, then the Board can dismiss the
culprit from his appointment. After the warning and dismissal, the teacher
can appeal to the Diocesan Board, and, last of all, to the Government.
Non-permanent teachers are of four kinds, viz. supernumeraries, who teach
at common schools and are qualified as teachers in ordinary; assistants, who
also teach at common schools, but lack the regular qualification; minor common
school or infant school teachers, who are only required to possess qualifications
for the infant schools; and exercise masters. Non-permanent teachers are
accepted by the board on conditions mutually agreed to, for a definite time, or
until further notice. With regard to teachers at infant schools, the church
assemblies and school boards are empowered in the regulations to make provision
that such teachers receive a more fixed appointment.
The salaries for common-school teachers in ordinary are, in the first grade,
at least 700 kronor (a krona = l’l o shilling = 0-2 6 8 dollar), in the second at
least 800, in the third at least 900, and in the fourth at least 1,000 kronor, with
an advance to the second, the third, and the fourth grades after five, ten, and fifteen
years’ service respectively. To these must be added residence and wood for fuel (oi
a money compensation in lieu of it). This salary brings with it the obligation tc
teach during eight months in the year. Every additional month’s teaching is paid
for by an eighth part of the teacher’s ordinary cash salary. In addition, a teacher it
a continuation school for 180 hours a year (see p. 289) enjoys a special salary of 15C
kronor. For teaching sloyd the salary is fixed at the discretion of the school district
The minimum remunerations quoted above are the same for teachers o
either sex. In towns, as also in many places in the country, the school district
usually assign considerably higher salaries, in which case male teachers, as a rule
are paid more than female.
Teachers in ordinary are entitled to a pension of 750 kronor from the Com
mon School Teachers’ Pension Institute, to which the school district contribute
an annual subscription. On the other hand, teachers personally subscribe t
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