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354
IV. EDUCATION AND MENTAL CULTURE IN SWEDEN.
nasties have, however, made progress in several countries, as Norway, Denmark,
England, Switzerland, America, etc.; though not to the same extent in all.
In Norway the staff of teachers for the schools and for the army are trained
at the Central School in Christiania, founded and developed on the model of the
Stockholm Institute.
In Denmark it is particularly at the People’s High Schools, in the free
Shooting Societies, and in the voluntary gymnastics of Copenhagen that the
Ling gymnastics have been largely applied and with remarkable success.
In England a Swedish lady, Mrs. Bergman-Österberg, has established a
gymnastic institution for the training of female teachers of gymnastics. This
institution is now removed to Dartford Heath in Kent, Mrs. Bergman-Österberg having
previously carried on her work in London, partly in Common schools and later at
her own establishment at Hampstead. From this institution, as well as from the
Stockholm Institute, many female teachers go out to various schools in different
parts of England.
At Geneva in Switzerland Ling’s gymnastics were introduced chiefly by
Professor Jentzer, M. D., who for this purpose also translated the manual most used
in our Common schools.
In the United States of America Ling’s gymnastics are widely spread, the
special starting-point having been the Normal School of Gymnastics founded
in Boston by Mrs. Mary Hemenway, and which is still maintained on funds
given by her. About thirty teachers of both sexes annually pass an examination
at this school, after a two-years’ course. A number of Swedish teachers also go
out every year to the great transatlantic Republic.
Gymnastic literature is not very voluminous. It is limited to
regulations, manuals, textbooks, and essays of a more or less casual character. Since
1874 a periodical has been published, entitled The Gymnastic Magazine
(Tidskrift i Gymnastik). It comes out in two half-yearly numbers, and is the organ
of the Scandinavian Association of Teachers of Gymnastics. Articles in German,
French, and English are also inserted in it.
Medical Gymnastics according to Ling’s system.
Medical gymnastics are throughout the civilized world called Swedish
medical gymnastics (Svensk Sjukgymnastik) when it is to be shown that
they are based on scientific ground. Medical gymnastics have also
been developed chiefly by Swedes, especially by medical men engaged
at the Central Gymnastic Institute and at the Gymnastic Orthopedic
Institute at Stockholm. The latter was founded in the year 1822 by
Nils Åkerman, M. D., and since the year 1827 has received a
government grant. At this institute orthopedic gymnastics have obtained
their greatest development, and, together with these, orthopedic
apparatuses and bandages are there made use of.
As having most contributed to progress, beside the two
Government institutions, ought to be mentioned the founding of the
medico-mechanical gymnastics by Dr. Gustaf Zander, in 1857 (see below), and
of Gynecological gymnastics by Major Ture Brandt, in 1861. Since that
time medical gymnastics according to Ling’s system have often been
styled manual gymnastics.
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