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IV. EDUCATION AND MENTAL CULTURE IN SWEDEN.
Archeology, Numismatics, Swedish Ethnography, and Folk-lore.
The interest in Swedish
antiquities and archeological remains
dates from the 17th century. The
archeology of that day, whose
foremost representative was the famous
Olof Rudbeck (1630/1702), was too
phantastical and chauvinistic to attain
to any certain results. Really scientific
archeological research took its
beginning in Sweden, as in Denmark, as
låte as about 1830. The Swedish
founders of this science were Sven
Nilsson (1787/1883) at Lund and
B. E. Hildebrand (1806/84) at
Stockholm. Nilsson was actually a
zoologist, and introduced into
archeology the comparative method of the
natural sciences. His description of
culture during the stone age is of
abiding value. Hildebrand, who was
the head of the Historical State
museum during more than 40 years,
worked zealously for the increase of
those collections of the museum which
now are among the most considerable
in Europe. Two of his pupils, his son and successor, the State antiquary H.
Hildebrand (born 1842), and Professor O. Montelius (born 1843) have both,
and especially the latter, contributed in an essential degree towards the
development of system and method in the prehistoric science. They introduced
into archeology the so-called typological method, which has for its object to
show the gradual change in form of the archeological finds, their development
out of one another, and which has become of paramount importance to the
science. Hildebrandt work »Bidrag till spännets historia» (Contributions to the
History of the Clasp), and Montelius’ work »Om tidsbestämning inom
bronsåldern med särskildt afseende på Skandinavien» (Determination of Time during
the Bronze Age, with special Reference to Scandinavia) are excellent examples of
what results may be reached by that method. The same investigators have both
in their works not only treated of the prehistoric periods of the North, but also
extended their researches to other parts of Europe as well as to the Orient.
Thus, Montelius has made a profound study of the prehistoric culture of Italy,
and published in French the first part of an extensive work on this subject. —
Among those who have augmented, by scientific excavations, the prehistoric
material of Sweden should be mentioned especially Hj. Stolpe (born 1841), who has
made very extensive investigations (especially at Björkö), with exemplary accuracy
and penetrating observation. — Official periodicals are: Antiqvarisk tidskrift
(Magazine of Antiquities) and Månadsblad (Monthly Review), both published by
the Academy of Literature, History, and Antiquities.
The initiative to researches in Swedish numismatics was taken by E.
Brenner (1647/1717) in his celebrated work Thesaurus nummorum sueogothicorum.
Among his successors should be mentioned K. It. Berch (1706/77). B. E. Hilde-
Oscar Montelius.
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