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464
IV. EDUCATION AND MENTAL CULTURE IN SWEDEN.
have both theoretical and practical knowledge of surgery also. The highest credit
in having introduced with us systematic instruction in clinical surgery is due to
K. J. Ekströmer (1793/1860). His work was followed up by the eminent teacher
K. G. Santesson (1819/86), skilful surgeon and anatomist Contemporarily with
him K. J. Rossander (1828/1901) was practising principally as an opthalmologist.
— Surgery won its own advocates later in the universities than in the capital.
As pioneers in the field of clinical instruction are noted K. B. Mesterton
(1826/87) at Uppsala, and K. J. Ask (1825/97) at Lund. Thanks to the
thorough, special training that is now demanded, Sweden possesses a great
number of well-schooled surgeons. The literary activity in this branch is also strongly
increasing. K. G. Lennander (born 1867), of Uppsala, is known as an anthor
within abdominal surgery — the surgical treatment of appendicitis, kidney
diseases, etc. Engaged as professors of surgery are J. Berg (born 1851) in
Stockholm, who has written treatises on surgical therapeutics o of the ectopia of the
urinary bladder, and on ventricular surgery; further J. Åkerman (born 1861),
also in Stockholm, and J. Borelius (born 1859) in Lund.
In Sweden Midwifery dates its first scientific elevation from the conclusion
of the 17th century, principally through J. von Hoorn (1662/1724), author of
the first work on accouchment published in Swedish, entitled »The Swedish
well-trained Midwife» (1697). A special professorship of Obstetrics was founded at
the Collegium Medicum in 1761, and through the energetic steps taken by its
first professor, D. von Schulzenheim (1732/1823), the Public Lying-in Hospital
came into existence in 1775. P. G. Cederschiöld (1782/1848) actively
contributed to the improvement of the obstetrical education and training of physicians
as well as of midwives. After the opening of another Public Lying-in Hospital,
and the training of midwives having been transferred thither, the obstetrical
instruction of physicians was arranged in a most commendable manner under the direction
of the distinguished lecturer, Professor A. Anderson (1822/92). There are now
Institutions for the education and training of midwives in Gothenburg and in Lund.
Qualified midwives are permitted to perform instrument accouchments upon being
submitted to a special examination. Gynecology was combined with the subject
of Obstetric medicine for the first time in Sweden on the nomination of Professor
Andersson in 1864. Since that time surgical gynecology has had a great many able
practitioners, among whom may be mentioned S. Sköldberg (1838/72), IV. Nettel
(born 1834), K. G. Lennander, and others. As professors and docents of Obstetric
medicine and gynecology are at present engaged: M. Salin (born 1851), F.
Wester-mark (born 1853), and C. D. Josephson (born 1868), at Stockholm; A. O. Lindfort
(born 1852), at Uppsala; and G. E. Essen-Möller (born 1870), at Lund.
The scientific study of Ophthalmic Medicine in our country dates from
the time of K. Fr. Ribe (1708/64). That flourishing ophthalmology displayed
in the latter part of the 18th century was followed by a decline of 50
years. Its revival may be reckoned from the time when, in 1857, K. J.
Rossander of Stockholm, and, in 1868, M. K. Löwegren (born 1836) of Lund,
resumed systematic instruction on this subject. J. Widmark (born 1850) is
known through his studies concerning the influence of the light on the eve.
A. Gullstrand (born 1862) has examined the laws of the refraction of the eye,
and E. Nordenson (born 1847) has studied the amotion of the retina. —Active
as teacher in the diseases of the ear, nose, and larynx is A. Stangenberg
(born 1860) at Stockholm.
The principal medical periodicals in Sweden are »Nordiskt medicinskt arkiv»,
being an organ of medicine common to the Scandinavian countries, founded by
Axel Key in 1869, and now issued in foreign languages; moreover, there are in
Swedish the Transactions of the Uppsala Association of Physicians, and the Hygiea,
this latter published by the Swedish Society of Physicians, which was founded in 1808.
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