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ZOOLOGY.
471
of the collection of
vertebrates, K. H. Boheman
(1796/1868), and in
succession to him K. Stål
(1833/78), and Chr.
Aurivillius (born 1853; since
1901 Secretary of the
Swedish Academy of Sciences),
curators of the
entomological collections, S. Lovén
(1809/95), of the collec
tions of other
invertebrates, N. P. Angelin (1805/
76) and in succession to
him G. Lindström (1829/
1901), of the collections of
fossil animals. Among the
above-mentioned scientists,
all distinguished
investigators in their several
departments, Lovén, in
particular, occupies a place in
the front rank. His short
but excellent studies on
embryology resulted in the
introduction of this branch
of science, up to that time
not cultivated in Sweden.
Later on, he made an
extensive and fruitful study
of echinidæ. His voyage to
Spitzbergen in 1837 may
be said to have inaugurated the long series of Swedish Arctic expeditions for
purposes of scientific exploration. Moreover, he was a pioneer in deep-sea research.
Basing his theory upon the presence of Arctic animal forms in the Baltic Sea and
certain Swedish lakes, he propounded the statement that those waters had formerly
constituted a portion of the Arctic Sea; this theory has since been confirmed by
geologists. The present heads of the various sections of the National Natural
History Museum are: F. A. Smitt (born 1839), who has made fishes his principal
study, G. Holm (born 1853), a paleontologist, Y. Sjöstedt (born 1866) an
entomologist and Hj. Théel (born 1848), who has devoted himself chiefly to research
upon the anatomy and embryology of the invertebrates.
Subsequent to the death of Thunberg, zoological study at Uppsala was
neglected almost entirely, but a chair in the subject was established in 1852. The
first professor was W. Lilljeborg (born 1816). His works deal primarily with
Scandinavian fauna, especially the vertebrates and crustaceans. Zoological
research received an immense impulse at Uppsala under Lilljeborg’s guidance. He
retired from the professorship in 1882, and was succeeded by T. Tullberg (born
1842), who has taken up different branches of comparative anatomy as his specialty.
For a short period, T. Thorell (1830/1901) was also attached to the University of
Uppsala in a teaching capacity. His researches were chiefly directed upon arachnida.
A zootomical laboratory was established at Uppsala in 1876, the first in
Sweden. The example set was shortly afterwards followed at Lund. In
connection with these institutions, an associate professorship in comparative anatomy was
Sven Nilsson.
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