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484
IV. EDUCATION AND MENTAL CULTURE IN SWEDEN.
Gyldén (1841/96) had been appointed director in 1871. Gyldén devoted himself
chiefly to the perturbance theory, and has handed down his extensive studies on
this subject in a number of short articles, as well as in a larger work entitled
»Traité analytique des orbites absolues des huits planètes principales», of which,
however, only the first part has appeared.
The present directors of the three Observatories are Prof. Dunér in Uppsala.
Prof. Bohlin in Stockholm, and Prof. Charlier in Lund. N. C. Dunér (born
1839), who had before this published »Mesures micrométriques d’étoiles doubles»,
»Sur les étoiles à spectres de la troisième classe», and »Sur la rotation du soleil»,
has in Uppsala especially conducted researches with regard to the solar spectrum,
the spectra of the fixed stars, and the variable stars. About the beginning of
1890 he succeeded in procuring a double-refractor of Repsold, a new movable
tower, etc. K. Bohlin (born 1860) has published researches with regard to
Tethvs, the third satellite of Saturn, and on Winnecke’s comet, as also »Formeln
und Tafeln zur gruppenweisen Berechnung der allgemeinen Störungen benaohbarter
Planeten», »Développement des perturbations planétoires», astro-photographic
researches, and besides several mathematical papers. C. V. L. Charlier (born
1862) has published a comprehensive work with regard to the planet Jupiter’s
perturbations of Thetis, and a work entitled »Ueber den Gang des Lichtes dnrch
ein System von sphærischen Linsén». — Here are also to be mentioned: A. Lind
stedt (born 1854), to begin with docent at Lund, later professor of mechanics at
Dorpat, and at present professor at the Technical High School in Stockholm, who
has made important investigations into Celestial mechanics, of which is especially
worth mention the famous disquisition: »Sur la determination des distances
mu-tuelles dans la problème des trois corps»; and K. B. Hasselberg (born 1848),
appointed at the Pulkova Observatory in Russia 1872 as chief of the astro-physical
institute, since 1888 the physicist of the Royal Academy of Sciences at Stockholm,
who has made very exact researches as to the spectra of gases and metals, and
several astro-physical investigations especially on the spectra of comets.
Since 1880, the Stockholm Observatory has been publishing Astronomical
observations and researches carried on at the Observatory of Stockholm, and
the Observatory at Lund also sends out Reports from the Lund Astronomical
Observatory.
Many Swedish astronomers have been appointed to the Observatory at
Pulkova (Russia) — one of the most renowned in the world. Since 1895, it is
even administered by a Swedish astronomer, J. O. Backlund (born 1846),
famous, among other things, for his wide researches with respect to the Encke
comet. Also the vice-directorship is held since 1892 by a Swede — M. Nyrén
(born 1837), who has specially treated the problem of the earth’s rotation
round its axis.
Meteorology and Hydrography.
For quite early historic periods in Sweden we have access to only ven
scanty statements regarding, for instance, the occurrence of great heat or cold, of
drought or long rains, of good or bad harvests; from these it is only possible to
arrive at a very rough general idea as to some of the climatic conditions then
prevailing in this land. The earliest meteorological observations made with
regularity within the present borders of Sweden are those instituted by Tyko
Brahe, the famous Danish astronomer, at his observatory of Uranienborg on the
island of Hven, which until the year 1658 belonged to Denmark. Those
observations were made in the years 1582/97. The first regular meteorological
observations made by Swedes, were taken under the auspices of the Uppsala
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