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METEOROLOGY AND HYDROGRAPHY.
487
is here to be stated the important
work by O. Pettersson, who has not
only organized the system of the
hydrographical sea exploring work but
also has mightily contributed to the
development of this science both by
inventing a series of ingenious
apparatuses in this regard, and by
publishing comprehensive treatises on the
matter. During the years 1893/01,
the Swedish Hydrographical
Commission, appointed by the Academy of
Sciences in Stockholm, had the lead
of our hydrographical sea exploring
work. Since 1901, the researches are
conducted on a wider basis in
accordance with an international system,
the lines of which were laid down
by 0. Pettersson at the International
Hydrographical Congress held in
Stockholm in 1899. By Royal Letter of
January 25, 1901, the Swedish
hy-drographical-biological Commission was formed to lead the partaking
of Sweden in the international work,
in which, besides Russia and
Finland, all the North-Sea countries take
part, i. e., Great-Britain, Denmark, Norway, Germany, Belgium, and the
Netherlands.
The hydrographical investigation of the rivers and lakes of Sweden being of
great importance not only from a scientific, but also from a practical point of view,
for agriculture, industry, forest economy, navigation, road and canal construction,
etc., the State, the Agricultural Societies, the various localities and districts,
and private individuals have all contributed to the furtherance of such
investigation in different places up and down the country; works on the subject have
been published by 0. Appelberg (1852/1901), ti. Nerman (born 1827), L. Rosén
(born 1843), A. Hamberg (born 1863), and others. There is still wanting,
however, a systematic organization for the whole country of the important work
being done in this department. L. Holmström (born 1840) has treated in detail
of the secular changes of level of the waters round the coasts of Sweden.
Of great significance for meteorological and hydrographical investigation have
been the Arctic expeditions despatched from Sweden, more particularly since the
happy idea occurred to A. E. Nordenskiöld (1832, 1901) to equip the
expedition he conducted in 1872 to Spitzbergen, to winter at Mossel Bay, with the
appointments of a meteorological observatory of the first class. Hence, during the
progress of both that and subsequent expeditions, observations have been taken,
not only hour by hour of the ordinary phenomena of weather and terrestrial
magnetism, but also of special features, such as height and movement of clouds,
amount of sunshine, temperature of snow and ground at different depths, level
of tidal waters, humidity of atmosphere, atmospheric electricity, auroras, etc.
In this work the following have taken part amongst others: A. Wijkander
(terrestrial magnetism, meteorology, etc.), Ekholm (meteorology), <S. A. Andrée
(born 1854; atmospheric electricity), E. Solander (born 1802; terrestrial
magnetism), V. Carlheim-’Gyllenskiold (born 1859; auroras, terrestrial magnetism,
Sven Otto Pettersson.
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