Full resolution (JPEG) - On this page / på denna sida - Second part - VI. Agriculture and Cattle-Breeding - 4. Public and Private Institutions to the Advancement of Agriculture - The Veterinary System - Agricultural Credit Establishments, by V. Ramstedt, Ph. D., Tranbygge
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598
VI. AGRICDLTURE AND CATTLE-BREEDING OF SWEDEN.
The Veterinary System.
At the initiative of Karl von Linné (Linnæus), the Swedish Government, in
1763, sent out three young men to the Veterinary College at Lyons, which had been
opened the preceding year, to study »ars veterinaria» under Bourgelat. One of
these young men was Peter Hemqvist (1726/1808), to whom, after completing
his studies at Lyons and Paris, and after being appointed lecturer in physics at
the State College in Skara, was given the use and occupation of the estate
of Brogården, where, in 1775, he opened his famous Veterinary College, and in
his will he bequeathed the whole of his considerable fortune to this school.
Hern-qvist’s most eminent pupil, So. Ad. Norling (1786/1858), continued his master’s
work and, in 1821, founded a veterinary college at Stockholm, the beginning of the
present Veterinary Institute. In Southern Sweden, A. H. Florman (1761/1840),
Professor of Medicine at the University in Lund, worked for the development of
the veterinary system during the latter part of the eighteenth century.
The Veterinary College at Skara was discontinued in 1889, and since then
the Veterinary Institute in Stockholm has been the only school in the Kingdom
for training veterinarians. According to the Regulations of May 24, 1867, a
certificate of admission to the university is required on entering the Institute. The
teachers are five professors, one of whom is also the Principal of the Institute;
besides one lecturer, one assistant, and one instructing smith (veterinary), one
assistant teacher in the analysis of meat, one prosector, and one
riding-master. The regular course of study is to last four or five years, and the
instruction is equal to that of corresponding institutions in other countries. The
number of pupils generally amounts to 40 or 50.
The veterinary surgeons salaried by the State are: 32 provincial
veterinarians, 14 army veterinary surgeons, 18 assistant veterinary surgeons, and 5
field veterinary stipendiaries. Moreover, there are two teachers at the
Agricultural High Schools, and two at the stallion and remount depöts. The total number
of veterinary surgeons in the kingdom is 340.
Agricultural Credit Establishments.
The Palmstruch bank, the oldest in Sweden, in 1656 obtained Royal
privilege to advance money on »palaces, estates, lands and cuttings, fields
and meadows, etc.» The Bank of Sweden (Sveriges Riksbank), founded
in 1668 — its predecessor, the Palmstruch bank, having ceased to exist,—
undertook loans on security of landed property.
At the beginning, loans were advanced for short periods but gradually lapsed
into standing ones. Hence, the funds of the Bank came to be locked up to far
too large an extent. In order to facilitate the banking business without
considerable detriment to agriculture, the »Secret Committee» of the Riksdag, in
1752, decreed that a yearly instalment of capital should be made in the case
of loans of ten years’ standing. A system of amortization was herewith established,
which in 1772 became law, with the decree of a general reduction per annum
of two per cent. This remained in force till 1859. At the same time, in 1772,
interest was fixed at 4 per cent. The limit of a loan was half or two thirds of
actual value. — From 1770 to 1815, no loans were granted on agricultural
property as the Bank had no available funds for the purpose.
The difficulties which arose for the Bank of Sweden from having
its funds locked up in agricultural loans of long standing, gave rise
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