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the Angles were only beginning to penetrate Cleveland
when the Vikings invaded and carried on the work
of land-settlement much further. Subsequently, we
shall see (p. 178) further extension was made by Norse
from the west coast, as place-names show; but the
place-names alone are far from trustworthy as indications
of settlement. An analysis of the monuments
shows that in many cases pre-Viking art-work
exists at places with Scandinavian names (e.g. Kirkby
Moorside, Kirkby Misperton, Kirkdale), while in other
cases only Viking Age crosses are found at places
with names presumably Anglian (e.g. Ellerburn,
Levisham, Sinnington, Nunnington). The inference
is that, in the east of Yorkshire especially, some
Anglian sites were depopulated and refounded with
Danish names, while others had no importance in
Anglian times, but soon became flourishing sites under
the Danes. In the west of Yorkshire the great dales
were already tenanted by the Angles, but the moors
between them, and the sites high up the valleys, were
not sites of churches until the Danish period (see
further in "Anglian and Anglo-Danish Sculpture in
the North Riding," by W. G. Collingwood, Yorks.
Arch. Journ., 1907).
Yorkshire at Domesday was carucated, and divided
into Ridings (trithings) and Wapentakes. Thingwall
near Whitby (Canon Atkinson, site lost), Thinghow, near
Guisborough (now lost), and Thinghou, now Finney
Hill, near Northallerton (Mr. William Brown, F.S.A.),
Tingley near Wakefield, Thingwall near Liverpool,
Thingwall in Wirral, may have been Thingsteads. It
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