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it to Malcolm, king of the Scots, on condition that he
should be his fellow-worker, as well by sea as by land."
This can only mean that Domhnall, son of Owain,
king of Strathclyde, was permitting the Vikings who
were settled there more freedom than the old agreements
allowed, and that Eadmund wished, in modern
language, to preserve the integrity of a buffer State,
through which the enemies of southern England were
continually travelling between York and Ireland. An
example of this occurs at the time of the battle of
Stainmoor (954 ?), when Eirík, late of York, but since
then in the Hebrides and at Waterford, returned to
recover his Northumbrian kingdom. Magnus Olafsson
(Maccus filius Onlafi) had probably been dispossessed
of Man and the Islands. (Professor A. Bugge remarks,
in Caithreim Ceallachain Caisil, p. 148, that Eirík is
called "king of the Hebrides," as confederate of
Sigtrygg of Dublin, about the year 953.) Magnus was,
perhaps, warned by Oswulf of Bamborough, and
invited to join in the attack on Eirík and the five
kings from Orkney and Ireland; this may be the
meaning of the "treachery" of Oswulf (Roger of
Wendover, A.D. 950). But we see Cumberland and
Westmorland now in the hands of conflicting parties
of Vikings, and can understand why in 966 Thord
Gunnarsson, the Danish "minister" of the Saxon king,
was deputed to lead a punitive expedition into
Westmorland, and why, in 1000, king Æthelred
himself attempted once more the reduction of
Cumberland.
In spite of these ravagings of Cumberland and
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