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social conditions and social statistics.
1079
has certainly been still larger during the last few years, but concerning the same
informations are only to be had from some few of the trades.
b) The length of the working day was ascertained through extensive
investigations by the two committees above mentioned. From 1884 to 1891 a decrease
of the average working-time of industry a day was found to be from Hm to 10’7
hours, a decrease which doubtless has afterwards still continued. Even within the
domain of agriculture the length of the working-day has been perceptibly reduced.
Night-work occurred in the year 1884 in 42 % of the whole number of
investigated factories and works, and lasted on an average from 7 to 8 hours
for every hand. The arrangement of night-work is principally of three different
kinds, viz.: a) work every week-day night; b) work every week-day night during
a week, but day-work during the following week; and c) work every second night
and every second day. Each one of these three arrangements occurs about equally
often. It has to be remembered that Sunday rest is perfectly realized in the
Swedish industry, where such a thing is not made impossible by special
circumstances. As to the communication system, there is generally regular Sunday rest,
still far from every sunday for the same working-man. — In the iron-works,
work is usually kept up all day and night, with exchange of hands every eight
hours and three such spells for each hand during two days.
c) The sick-relief and pension funds were accounted for in detail by
the Committee of 1884, besides which annual reports nowadays are given of
registered funds. We devote a special article to this question below.
d) Concerning paupers fully provided for an extraordinary detailed
investigation was arranged in 1884, of which a proof is given under the heading of
Poor Relief in the above. Among results gained we may here mention that the
death-rates among these paupers in ages over 65 years proved to correspond
rather closely with the mortality in these ages of the whole of the population.
e) The distribution according to age and civil conditions in different trades
was also examined in 1884 and gave several interesting results, which however
we have not occasion to relate here.
f) The frequency of accidents daring work was studied by the Committee
of 1884, and was later on made the subject of a special investigation in 1897.
In the meantime, between these two investigations at least the number of accidents
with fatal issues appear to have not slightly diminished, or from 0-64 to 0-88
for thousand workmen in the industry proper. These figures, however, are not
quite reliable. Accidents, involving lasting inability to work proved to be in
1897 about 1’82 for every thousand workmen, and of such entailing passing
injury 27’44. The last figure evidently is too low and consequently also the sum
total of all the accidents, which according to the above should be 29*64 per
annum for every thousand workmen.
g) The mortality in different trades. The explications, produced by the
Committee of 1884, are in point of a fully scientific method the best executed
in any country. Unfortunately the value of the results is diminished through
the partly less satisfactory quality of the material. As chief result appeared,
that the mortality among factory-men was a little higher than among the whole
population. As to special trades, it was calculated (for the years 1879/82) that
the expectation of life was, in years, at the age of 30:
Iron-factorymen.......... 38’4
Timbercntters, sawyers 38’2
Joiners...................... 35’8
Spinners and weavers... 35’5
Millers....................... 35 3
TannerB.................... 352
Miners....................... 34 8
Shoemakers................. 34 8
Blacksmiths................ 34-5
Tailors....................... 34 4
Bricklayers and pavers. 33 8
Painters..................... 32 2
Mechanics................... 32 1
Bakers....................... 318
Watchmakers............... 31’4
Batchers..................... 30’8
Coppersmiths.............. 30-6
Typographers.............. 29 0
Goldsmiths................ 27 6
Tobacco-workmen........ 25’4
Bookbinders................ 24 0
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